What is the meaning of NAD?
NAD is the abbreviation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,also know as Coenzyme I. It is an indispensable coenzyme in our human body that is needed to transfer electrons. In the metabolic reactions of our cells, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is generally involved in the coenzyme.
NAD comes in two forms: NAD+ (oxidized form) and NADH (reduced form). NAD+ is a key coenzyme found in all living cells. It participates in redox reactions within cells and is a core substance in the energy metabolism process. It is known as the "energy currency" of life.
What is the main function of NAD?
1. Energy conversion
NAD Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide plays a vital role in the cellular respiration process, helping to convert nutrients such as sugar into ATP, the cell's energy source. In this process, NAD+ accepts and transfers electrons and participates in redox reactions.
2. Regulation of gene expression
It also serves as a cofactor for a variety of enzymes and participates in the regulation of gene expression. For example, sirtuins (a type of NAD+-dependent deacetylase) regulate protein function by consuming NAD+, thereby affecting physiological processes such as cell aging, metabolism, and stress response.
3. Cell signaling
NAD+ is also involved in the intracellular signal transduction process, regulating cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis and other life activities by affecting the functions of signaling molecules such as calcium ion channels and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP).
4. Improve cellular aging
Research in recent years has found that NAD+ levels show a downward trend during cellular aging, and the supplementation of NAD+ and its precursors shows great application prospects in the prevention and treatment of aging-related diseases. Research shows that aging, oxidative stress and DNA damage can all lead to a decrease in tissue NAD+ levels, and a decrease in NAD+ levels may aggravate the above-mentioned causes. Thus, decreased NAD+ levels are both a consequence of cellular senescence and a contributing factor to aging-associated cellular dysfunction.
5. Research on myocardial protection
Cox et al. earlier confirmed that NAD+ affects the mitochondrial redox process, improves energy metabolism status, and thereby improves cardiac diastolic function. In failing human and animal hearts, mitochondrial proteins are found to be highly acetylated, which affects energy metabolism. Supplementing NAD+ to increase SIRT3 activity can reduce acetylation levels and improve cardiac function.
6. The role of NAD+ in neurodegenerative diseases
Experimental studies have found that in neurodegenerative diseases, NAD+, the key enzymes NAMPT, NADP+, and the synthase NADK can resist oxidative stress and play a neuroprotective role; NADH and NADPH can both resist oxidation and mediate oxidation. Stress plays a dual role. We can start with NAMPT and NADK, two key enzymes, to intervene in neurodegenerative diseases.
7. NAD+ plays a key role in regulating metabolism and circadian rhythms
The typical role of NAD+ is to promote hydrogen transfer in key metabolic pathways. In the experiment, NAD+ was converted into NADH through the four steps of the mitochondrial TCA cycle, in which acetyl-CoA is oxidized to carbon dioxide. NAD+ is also converted to NADH during the oxidation of fatty acids and amino acids in the mitochondria. In these mitochondrial pathways, the NADH produced is the electron donor for oxidative acidification and ATP synthesis.
What is the difference between NAD+ and NADH?
NAD comes in two forms: NAD+ (oxidized form) and NADH (reduced form)
After NADH is ingested, it can be directly decomposed into NAD+ and biological hydrogen "H+" in the body, and releases energy ATP, which not only increases the level of NAD+ in the body, but also supplies energy to cells, and at the same time solves the two most core problems in today's aging research.
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